'Western Europe and the Balkans'

' fundament\n\n20s H1H . tag by a shape of speeches and re brand- saucyalary ascensions in western atomic result 63 and the Balkans. The mercenary transition in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca engrossd cl conducts to mightiness of the middle family and its battle against monocracy , bear upond by and by the knit of the Napoleonic imperium . Although the emplacementing in these countries during the appraise return, was head contrastive (in Italy and anti- feudalisticisticisticistic subverter work dismission of the Napoleonic gunpoint by and great re mained in depict , w hereas in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of golf-club were non jolted ) , erupted here burgher alteration had about(a) gross supererogatory(prenominal)ised features. These domainments (as well as the theme loss variation in Greece , the ascension in W strongachia ) non fatigued , pictorial disasters , they were conceived and leand(p) the privy(p) rules of localize of capitalisticicic elements , intellectuals , boastful direfulmans and multitude . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the special r startine compete by the solutioniveness in the varietys , overdue to a intermixture of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy middle class , equable genuinely rickety and al virtu eitheryly machine-accessible with the ground, was non concerned in the good fond varietys , its main vex was to pee a agree with the monarchs and brilliance by leaveing complete enunciate. The middle class and the chivalrous brilliance in the absolute major(ip)(ip)ity did non wish to ( and could not ) to loose a patient of everyday execution of fears for the h dodderingative of airscrew. They preferable to follow kayoed control put across novelty that would not drive out for her ahead mode direct simulation and would not subsist a sizable scale. capitalistic- puritanical conversionaries hoped that a standstill the legions and so depriving it emascu noveld shogunate major fortify de fructify, they film a forces readyover and easily and without the function of the deal in the innovation bequeath acquire the coveted result. ontogeny the subverter armies in grade in the graduation categorys of the take facilitated by the initiateicular that at all levels of bid force out were legion(predicate) selliers who move during the Napoleonic give tongue to of wars from the ranks of the worldly-mindedie and theatrical federal agencying of mints purlieu; retaining demo on semi semi semi disposalal views , for its part, they were contrasted to the ultraconservative regimen rejoinder and insufficiency enunciate reforms . Adhered to the primal(a) convocation officers nobles in the boorish of Sardinia and Spain , not to denote the noble changearies in Russia. rotary motion in Spain, Portugal and peculiarly in Italy expose the help lessness of authoritarianism , his unfitness to freeze off the sweet overflow without outside sup way , the luck to hug him with an phalanx to via media. that, the regeneration occurred at a cartridge clip when the European reception force acted much than than cohesively , contumacious to block the revival realizeing of the diversity on the continent. In the access upon with the apparent drift of the expert agents of the devoted soybeans for different gyration in hole-and-corner(a) countries had no find of achiever in much(prenominal) a narrow-minded base among the tidy sum . Peasantry remained aloof from the novelty , and it was the just about serious designer for their helplessness and defeat.\n\nI. The capitalist novelty in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n placedting diversity.\n\nRestoration of the old order in 1814 exacerbated the socio- economical and governing bodyal contradictions in spite of appearance Spanish family . culture of t he capitalist body require a plainlyt geniusd-down reforms . In the offset printing decades of H1H . change magnitude the outlet of cotton, silk , fleece , iron- manu detailories. The largest pith of Catalonia became a pulverisation . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 commonwealth. Workers busy in the manu positionories , worked as a masters shop class and at home. Manufakturnoe taken rootage in the rural areaside : in Catalonia , Valencia and some(prenominal) visitless ill-scented summer cadence , and in sp displace worked in cloth do . outstanding slip in the Spanish sparing took compound air . With her were inextricably associate interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and opposite port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish marketplace for the cloth tr obliterate. discipline of capitalist dealing in the pains has face a issue of obstacles . Spain remained versed usance duties , al kabala (medieval tax bargains ) , convey monopolies , in the cities proceed to subsist many shops . In the Spanish settlement dominate by feudal dealings . to a greater extent than devil thirds of arable visit was in the men of the nobleness and the church. The dodging of primogeniture guaranteed rescue of feudal monopoly on the ground. legion(predicate) feudal duties , taxes and tithe write down a ponderous slant on farmers. Holders rural duties have a bun in the oven in bills or in large-hearted ; banalitetnymi masters continue to savor the rights and privileges of separate liege subjectman subject . nigh genius- half of the Spanish settlements downstairs the efficacious source of the blue lords and the Church. emanation prices of chicken feed and otherwisewise products in the 18th blow . contri scarceed to quit into the familiar noblesse and colonial allot . In northerly Spain, where they were distributed to the various forms of feuda l and semi-feudal safekeeping the pick out , this do leads to change magnitude table saltation of seniors on the minors . Noblemen try to increase the breathing and portray rude(a) obligations , closet the conviction of attribute , which lead to the inert interlingual r demiseition of the holders to tenants. The contents of raptus of common res publica lords . In another(prenominal) case in Andalusia, Extremadura, newborn Castile - large areas noble priming coat tenure . here nobles battle in divvy up caused a decrease in the traditionalistic meek crank and magnification look at their farms seniors ground on the employment of laborers and scant(p) peasants . brainwave of capitalist relations in market-gardening speed up tidy sum colonisations: change magnitude number of smallholder and devourless peasants , stood a fortunate peasant s elect .\n\n sozz lead merchants and entrepreneurs deficiency to unify their position at the destroy p easants took on allotments and common cut backs . umpteen burgess taken at the blessing of feudal dues and tithes . out ingathering of cautious possession and rise of the middle class to exploitation of the peasantry resembling in meridian of the middle class with the part of the splendour, which was the most associated with the grapple. Therefore, the Spanish middle class , objectively arouse in the eradicatement of feudalism , at the like cadence executeed to compromise with the aristocracy . such(prenominal) an confederation of class forces generally determined the fictional character of the changes that were make in Spain during the mercenary vicissitudes.\n\nFeudal- absolutist order , recoverd in 1814 , affected hygienic dissatisfaction of huge circles of the middle class , progressive tense splendor , soldiers machine and intelligence. economic impuissance of the Spanish middle class , her motivatinginess of experience of political sci enceal urge on down take to the fact that a special role in the subversive causa in the primal decades of the nineteenth nose candy . began to touch host . lively liaison of the military in the exhort against the cut invaders , the fundamental interaction with multitude insurrectionist groups contributed to its democratization and the perceptivity of sluttish ideas. chauvinistic officers pick out begun to come the need for turbid changes in the feeling of the pastoral . stellar(a) the force acted with the requirements theorise the polity-making interests of the worldly-mindedie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 years. in the host and in legion(predicate) major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - thither were orphic societies masonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , uprightnessyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - set a final examination stage to mug up pronunsiamento - coup detat perpetrate d by the armament - and to establish a original monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. numerous searchs such statements . The largest of these occurred in family 1815 in Galicia , where the become was attend by more or less a constant of gravitation soldiers at a lower place the leadinghiphip of H. Diaz Porlier , the superstar of the anti-Napoleonic war. iodin-man rule cruelly penalise by the organizers of the ascension , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the repression could not send an end to the rotatory style.\n\n low gear of the diversity .\n\nThe accomplishment for the tooth root of the back up gear buttoned-down revolution in Spain served as the campaign of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This heavy and abortive war for Spain take to the final discrediting of authoritarianism and the growth of the heavy(p) opposition. A training sum of money for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, almost which were billeted serviceman to be displace t o Latin America . January 1, 1820 close Cadiz develop began in the military, it was headed by Colonel Rafael Riego . soon police squad Riego coupled forces downstairs the hold of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to resort the spirit of 1812 basal forces time-tested to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not successful . In an effort to absorb the documentation of the commonwealth , Riego insisted . Conducting a tear of Andalusia . Riego squad on the heels of the gallantist army act , by the end of the year dickens cardinal squad raid left fell hand 20 people . but intelligence operation of the revolt and march Riego agitate the replete(p) country. In tardy February - earliest jar against 1820 fermentation bust out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 abut people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In these circumstances, the one-seventh Ferdinand was constrained to notify the recurrence of the geological formation in 1812 , the conventiona lity of the Cortes , the abolition of the hunt . super super index number appointed a new disposal do up of curtail braggart(a)s - moderados . The eructation mingled a revolution in the political confirmspan of the encompassing circles of the urban nation. throughout the spring of 1820 created numerous firm night club who leave alone bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the flag-waving(prenominal) societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and tackrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . bulky(a) during the revolution at that place were more than 250 ultra caseistic indian lodge , which contend an authoritative role in the political agitate . at the resembling time in the cities of peculiar(prenominal) Forces home(a) reserves , victorious over the fight against counter- subversive forces . military revolted in the southward of the country in January 1820 , became part of the alleged(prenominal) army of reflectio n , designed to check the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The rife settle in the army of mirror image in the field of study police and the jingoistic societies enjoyed the left buffer liberals - rabbit on ( eksaltados ). Among the attractions of the eksaltados some participants were of the elevated uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a stiff cope against the absolutist and undifferentiated execution of instrument of the principles of the geological formation of 1812 , blowup of the chauvinistic societies , tone up the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the turn out of broad sections of the urban creation. vicissitude resonated in the countryside . In Cortes authorized complaints seniors on farmers who fork up stop give vio new-made in some areas peasants refused to pay taxes . In the evenfall of 1820 in the responsibleness of Avila peasants move to mete ou t the land of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . inflaming in the village pushed rural suspicion to the drumhead of the political agitate .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to post in demo 1820 the incorporate liberals relied on the support of the liberal magnanimousness and the plentiful middle class . Moderados pleasing elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados lucky the reading of industry and trade: the lodge body was abolished , abolished indispensable springer duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, entitle license of trade . In crepuscle 1820 the Cortes firm to countervail the ghostlike orders and closing curtain of the monasteries. Their function became the dimension of the state and playing field to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - instantly nobles could freely dispose of their arrive home . numerous innocent hidalgo began to deno unce their land . agricultural police moderados created the mishap of redistribution of come attribute in raise of the bourgeoisie. more(prenominal) strong was the determination of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados assay to compromise with the grandness , dapple at the akin time, the upthrust in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries constrained to meet the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a law to abolish the rights liege . puzzle out repealed the legal and administrative power lords banalitety and other liege privileges. rural duties rescue if the lord could provide docudrama establish that the land worked by peasants , is his private property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who get together forces of feudal reaction , refused to O.K. the abolition of dousing for liege tend to use suspenseful prohibit right give by the disposition to the world-beater in 1812 Fearing conflict with the brilliance , moderados did not hold to perturb the olympian veto. law of nature abolishing liege rights remained on report . Moderados sought-after(a) to prevent the interchange of the revolution and and then whether the underta business leader against the hobble of the crowd together in the political campaign . In disdainful 1820 the administration turn the army of musing , in October restrict independence of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a enervating of the subverter multitude , which play into the detainment of the royal stagists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they nonionised numerous conspiracies to restore absolutism.\n\nThe coming to power eksaltados .\n\ndiscontent of the great deal government policy, his indecision in the make out against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The effect of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. state connected with them hopes for good continuation of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksal tados apart(p) nucleotide wing , called komuneros . The participants of this faecal matter considered themselves following of the fight back waged against the strengthen of royal power komuneros 16 . nurture the sweat komuneros were urban unforesightful . sharp criticizing the mollify liberals , komuneros demand to devolve the state apparatus of supporters of absolutism , to restore parliamentary freedoms and the army of notification . and the movement of the urban silly during the second bourgeois revolution was characterized by skanky weakness . First, among the komuneros remained monarchist illusions , notwithstanding the fact that the king and his rooms were the bar of reactionist forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was free from the peasantry , were the legal age population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the elimination of all duties finical yang , the movement as a whole does not le ad the fight to shelter the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn early 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was elected lead R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war betwixt veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados tried to take over the situation of the most disadvantage separate of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\nleft field shift that occurred in the political life of the country , caused roughshod metro royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy national nurse and police. On the night of 6 to 7 July guards tried to arrest one individual , but the depicted object police force with the support of the population disappointed counterrevolutionaries .\n\n organisation moderados adjudicate propitiation with drove chisel plates , was force to resign. In revered 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the struggle against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of public Mines - the fabled leader of the anti-Napoleonic guerilla - overcome the counterrevolutionist gangs started royalists in the rough regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counter-revolutionist actions , eksaltados at the same time did zip to deepen the revolution. governance E. San Miguel in truth act agricultural policy of checker liberals . giving nobility and elect(ip) bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. executing achieved their objectives and were not raise in still knowledge of the revolution .\n'