Roman Government of the Early Empire

Roman Government of the Early Empire Octavian defeated Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra VII at Actium and became the undisputed leader of Rome. Through his military power he was able to maintain control of the Rome and gradually establish a monarchy. The Romans hated the term monarchy and Octavian wanted to be considered democratic. Thus he did not create any positions but simply held the powers of the regular magistracies, many at ones and continuously. The Romans, weary from civil war, knew what he was doing but accepted the situation.After the civil war Octavian through his general Marcus Agrippa demobilized the Roman army from 75 legions reduced to 28. Octavian controlled all the stronger provinces where legions were stationed; out of the 28 remaining legions Octavian alone controlled 26. Dio Cassius wrote " ...he alone had arms and maintained soldiers..." Octavian was secure financially through his acquisition of Egypt administrated by him directly through his Praefectus Aegypti.English: The Roman Empire under Augustu s Caesar (3...According to Dio CassiusOctavian controlled the state treasury and could spend it as he chooses. Because Octavian had both military and financial control of Rome he had absolute power in all matters.Princeps was the official title of the early emperors. The Princep or 'first citizen' held supreme 'auctoritas' and were the top patrons. This form of government is referred to as the principate. Octavian was later given the title Augustus and became the first Princep. He established a model of government based on the assumption of positions and powers already existing in the Republic. This model of the principate was followed and extended by later principes.According to Dio Cassius Augustus held all the offices and titles except dictatorship, although original constitutional magistracies still exist everything is carried out according to Augustus' wishes. Augustus frequently became a consul and always held the title of proconsul outside Rome; more...

50 Tips on How to Write Good

50 Tips on How to Write Good 50 Tips on How to Write Good 50 Tips on How to Write Good By Mark Nichol The contents of this post are an alphabetical arrangement of two lists that have been circulating among writers and editors for many years. In case you have missed out all this time, I’m sharing here the wit and wisdom of the late New York Times language maven William Safire and advertising executive and copywriter Frank LaPosta Visco. 1. A writer must not shift your point of view. 2. Always pick on the correct idiom. 3. Analogies in writing are like feathers on a snake. 4. Always be sure to finish what 5. Avoid alliteration. Always. 6. Avoid archaeic spellings. 7. Avoid clichà ©s like the plague. (They’re old hat.) 8. Avoid trendy locutions that sound flaky. 9. Be more or less specific. 10. Comparisons are as bad as clichà ©s. 11. Contractions aren’t necessary. 12. Do not use hyperbole; not one in a million can do it effectively. 13. Don’t indulge in sesquipedalian lexicological constructions. 14. Don’t never use no double negatives. 15. Don’t overuse exclamation marks!! 16. Don’t repeat yourself, or say again what you have said before. 17. Don’t use commas, that, are not, necessary. 18. Don’t be redundant; don’t use more words than necessary; it’s highly superfluous. 19. Eliminate quotations. As Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, â€Å"I hate quotations. Tell me what you know.† 20. Employ the vernacular. 21. Eschew ampersands abbreviations, etc. 22. Eschew obfuscation. 23. Even if a mixed metaphor sings, it should be derailed. 24. Everyone should be careful to use a singular pronoun with singular nouns in their writing. 25. Exaggeration is a billion times worse than understatement. 26. Foreign words and phrases are not apropos. 27. Go around the barn at high noon to avoid colloquialisms. 28. Hopefully, you will use words correctly, irregardless of how others use them. 29. If any word is improper at the end of a sentence, a linking verb is. 30. If you reread your work, you can find on rereading a great deal of repetition can be avoided by rereading and editing. 31. It behooves you to avoid archaic expressions. 32. It is wrong to ever split an infinitive. 33. Never use a big word when a diminutive alternative would suffice. 34. No sentence fragments. 35. One should never generalize. 36. One-word sentences? Eliminate. 37. Parenthetical remarks (however relevant) are unnecessary. 38. Parenthetical words however must be enclosed in commas. 39. Place pronouns as close as possible, especially in long sentences, as of ten or more words, to their antecedents. 40. Placing a comma between subject and predicate, is not correct. 41. Poofread carefully to see if you any words out. 42. Prepositions are not words to end sentences with. 43. Profanity sucks. 44. Subject and verb always has to agree. 45. Take the bull by the hand and avoid mixing metaphors. 46. The adverb always follows the verb. 47. The passive voice is to be avoided. 48. Understatement is always best. 49. Use the apostrophe in it’s proper place and omit it when its not needed. 50. Use youre spell chekker to avoid mispeling and to catch typograhpical errers. 51. Who needs rhetorical questions? 52. Writing carefully, dangling participles must be avoided. Oh, and let me add one tip: If your article consists of a list and the title refers to the number of items in the list, count the number of items in the list carefully. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowDeck the HallsTitled versus Entitled

Domestic Terrorism Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Domestic Terrorism Midterm - Essay Example While the statement by the FBI is not explicit, it is implied that the target must be a US policy, institution, or political movement, and the act must be violent, though the definition of violent may be vague and ambiguous. Domestic terrorism may be directed either from above or from below. Terrorism from above is carried out by a government or institution that has some legitimate authority. It may be done covertly, where the terrorism is carried on outside formal policy. As an example, the 'Dirty War' in Argentina that utilized death squads was covert terrorism from above (Vohrkyzek, Olson-Raymer, and Whamond, 2001, p.13). It may also be overt as in the case of the Hutu's policy of genocide in Rwanda (Vohrkyzek, Olson-Raymer, and Whamond, 2001, p.13). Domestic terrorism from below is when a group or individual within a country targets a legitimate institution as a means to draw attention to, or change, an official policy. Environmental activists such as the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) are guilty of domestic terrorism from below. Mao, Guevera, Marighella, and Fanon were not defined as terrorists during their time of activity. History has rewritten the definition of terrorism and they now fall under the new definition. However, initially all these figures were guerilla leaders, which are differentiated from terrorists. Guerilla warfare is different from terrorism in that it is an organized force that believes it has legitimacy due to popular support. In addition, it strikes at government and military targets as a means to overthrow a government. However, these leaders differed in that Marighella believed that random violence could create chaos and an environment for revolution, while Mao and Fanon believed it should not be used against the native population. Guevera was more of a classic guerrilla fighter. Guerrillas represent a political movement, while terrorism supports an ideological agenda. However, both aspects promote violence as a means to an end. Once in power both Mao and Castro utilized violence an d terrorism from above as a means to sustain power and oppress the opposition. More recently the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) has been similar to the previous revolutionary organizations. They have some legitimacy by way of recognition as supporting a significant group of oppressed people. In addition, they have a well organized military faction. Their agenda has been the creation of a Palestinian State, though they have used terrorism to promote their goals. They have targeted innocent people, used suicide tactics, and even acted against their own citizens. All of these rebels and organizations have their roots in revolution, but have resorted to terrorism to further their goals. For the PLO and others, this is counter-productive, as the stigma of being a terrorist organization is a costly price in today's environment. 3.) Historical Terrorism It could be argued that the actions of the US settlers against the native population was terrorism from above. In this context, terrorism from above has existed in the US since the first Europeans arrived. It has also been argued that slavery was terrorism from above (Vohrkyzek, Olson-Raymer, and Whamond, 2001, p.36).

What Mary Surratt Did to Change U.S. History Term Paper

What Mary Surratt Did to Change U.S. History - Term Paper Example Actually, it was the first case of the official female execution in the United States. Her son, John Surratt was also thought to participate in the assassination. †Mary Surratt was born to Archibald (who died when Mary was two years old) and Elizabeth Anne Jenkins in the southern Maryland town of Waterloo† (DeWitt, 1984 p.34). Her family was rather big – she had two brothers. Mary went to the Ladies School in Virginia. Her life was quite difficult since she became wife when she was only 16 years old. She was forced to marry John Harrisson Surratt, a Roman Catholic farmer. The spouses had three children – one daughter and two sons. The Surratts turned out to be good businessmen – they had a tobacco farm, operated several shops and in this way increased their income greatly. Despite being a prosperous family, they still had tough financial problems because of the husband constant drinking. â€Å"One biographer suggested that John Surratt was physically and emotionally abusive to his wife† (Larson, 2008 p.75). ... Mary had no other way as to sell her house to its former owner for a very small amount of money and move to the District of Columbia. That house was the ownership of her late husband and she remade the second floor to have a boarding house there. That business kept her on her toes and provided her children with sustainable level of living. At the trial Mary’s son John admitted that he was involved in the plot of Lincoln kidnapping but did never take part in the plot of his assassination. He was following the president that day of the murder but he had nothing to do with his death. Moreover, he denied that his mother had any relation to this matter. That day she was reported to visit one of her tenants to withdraw the rent and then she came home and got in her daily home routine. ‘Though, later John Lloyd later testified against her, saying she gave him a package containing field glasses and told him to make ready the shooting irons† (Swanson, 2007 p.43 ). Moreover, after the assassination she sheltered John Wilkes Booth, who was considered to be the assassin – he was seen to stop at her boarding house just after the murder. After a two-week trial Mary Surratt was admitted to be guilty, though she claimed to be innocent. The judge was governed by the clues found at her home place and several testimonials from the respectable citizens. The execution was demanded to be through hanging and Mary Surratt was allowed to have a priest before the execution. The ceremony took place in the square with the tickets being sold in advance. Mary’s death wasn’t as easy as of the rest of convicts. She suffered for more than 5 minutes in the noose. Concluding everything stated above it must be mentioned that Marry Surratt played a great role in the USA history. It is

The Fear Factor Essay Example for Free

The Fear Factor Essay The Salem Witch Trials and the 1950s Red Scare were both the product of fear, hysteria, suspicion, and false accusations. These black events in American history had countless similarities that led to the persecution of many innocent individuals. In many ways, these events were initiated because of human nature and fear of the unknown. It is a natural instinct of all animals to proceed with caution when presented with something that is different. This reaction is a defense mechanism to protect ones self from potential harm and caused the mass hysteria to spread. Arthur Millers The Crucible and the Witch Trials began with a few young children, Abigail Williams, Marry Warren and Mercy Lewis, accusing some of the towns women of dancing and chanting in the woods. This was the basis for all their evidence, a few childrens stories. In addition, both the incidences had leaders that fed and fueled the hysteria. During the Witch Trials, one of the main Hanging Judges was Danforth. He was a main contributor to the hysteria and fear of witches that swelled throughout the communities. Though Danforth did not directly accuse people of practicing witchcraft, he chose to believe the fits that the children of the jury put on in the court. The Children were believed to be innocent and it was given that their voice was the word of god. The equivalent of the Witch Trial jury during the Red Scare was the committee that charged people of communism. It was named the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). They sought out people whom they thought were either communist or a threat to the integrity of America. People were called before the committee if they had any previous connection with communist activities. In the late 1940s, a senator by the name of John McCarthy began what was known as blacklisting. The people, who were believed to be a communist, were added to a list that rendered them shunned and they had to pay a fine of $500. Many of these peoples lives were ruined, employers did not want to hire them and their names became less then reputable. In both scenarios, the only way a person could clear their name was to name others who were involved in witchcraft or who were communists. In conclusion, situations such as these, which are based on fear and hysteria rather than hard evidence, can only be resolved when the sane people take control. Only then can peace and order be restored to the public. The two developments however both end with tragedy. In the case of the Witch Trials, 20 people were hanged and many others suffered emotional damage. The Red Scare caused numerous peoples reputations to be lost and careers smashed. The inability of people to accept others differences is bound to cause conflicts. Almost every society around the world conforms to the normal so as to not attract attention, for some there is little or no toleration.

Jim Jarmusch’s Unique Western Film, Deadman :: Movie Film Essays

Jim Jarmusch’s Unique Western Film, Deadman In Jim Jarmusch’s Dead Man, he pays homage to the classic style of western films while taking his own eccentric take that puts the film in a league of its own. With a combination of elements related to the western genre and a genre Jarmusch creates all on his own, the viewer can begin to explore and appreciate the unique film, Dead Man. Although the scenery of isolated towns, mystic rivers, and endless forests is consistent with the western genre, the philosophical tone of the movie is not. The philosophy of a true western film deals a character fighting with guns to maintain honor (and of course order and justice). He kills because he has to and that is the end of it. In Dead Man, William Blake appears to be doing the same thing. He begins to use his gun for survival, but it is different. The gun actually stands for something in the film. Blake becomes a poet by the use of his gun, which mirrors the legendary American poet whose name he shares. The guns show how disgusting it is in American society to kill and Jarmusch doesn’t glamorize it in the way that Hollywood blockbusters about violence do. Further exploring the similarities on the surface, a true western always has the same type of characters and props. Blake is shown in the same outfit throughout the film much like the one outfit that a westerner wears. Blake encounters a whore in the town who is not opposed to the usage of guns, which also goes along with a whore’s values in a true western film. The town of Machine is desolate, dirty, and ruled by guns. In western movies there is always a dirty town with the same characteristics. All of those similarities are not used in the same way, however; they are used as tools to give this surface western a deeper meaning that no true western film ever explored. The themes are pessimistic as they deal with death and afterlife, rather than hope and rebirth. The killings in the movie mock the way people are killed in westerns. Blake doesn’t kill to protect his honor; he kills to survive and in turn mocks the system. Another thing that Jarmusch is mocking by using the western genre as a medium is the treatment of Native Americans. Nobody talks about how he was rejected by whites, and then rejected by his own people by growing up in the white society.

All Animals Are Equal Essay

In order to understand Peter Singer’s article â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, one has to look at his viewpoint and perspective. Singer is a utilitarian, which is someone who believes that best outcome is something that causes that greatest amount of pleasure (or the least amount of pain) for the greatest number of people. However, in this definition the word ‘people’ is used, as to mean only humans. This is the point that Singer is trying to argue. Who is to say that animals don’t feel pain or experience happiness? Singer believes in the equal consideration of interests, and that we should extend this basic principle to other species. In Singer’s first point on extending equal consideration, he poses the question, if a lesser intelligence cannot be used to morally discriminate against humans, then how can it be used to discriminate against animals? Singer explains that he’s not saying both groups should be treated exactly the same, because there are differences between species, therefore they should have different rights. Singer states, â€Å"The interests of every being affected by an action are to be taken into account and given the same weight as the like interests of any other being† (LaFollette, 110). For a being to have interests, they must have the capability to enjoy life and suffer. He points out that any animal would have an interest in not being tormented, so it does not suffer. We could be sure that animals feel pain based on the fact that they show the same signs used by humans that show they feel pain. For example, if a person would to step on a dog’s tail he might bark, t he same as if a human had their hand slammed in the door they would yell. Singer brings up the issue of sexism and racism. No matter how we may try to look at it, not all humans are equal. He argues, â€Å"†¦a person’s sex is no guide to his or her abilities, and this is why it is unjustifiable to discriminate on the basis of sex† (LaFollette, 109), and the same goes for racism – basing a person’s abilities based on the color of their skin is just as absurd. Racism and sexism are both morally wrong, therefore so is speciesism. Another point the Singer brings up is how humans let their own interests take priority over other species. The fact that we eat animals shows that we  think of them as nothing more than a â€Å"means to our ends†. This is true because there are other, more nutritional, ways to meet our needs. By doing this we cause additional suffering for animals. Moreover, the cruel behavior that we put these animals through before they are killed for us to eat. Yet another type of discrimination we perform on these animals is experimentation to see the affects of substances and if they are safe on humans. Basically, animal experimentation and consumption is wrong except if we were willing to perform the same acts on a human with similar capabilities. Singer reasons that, â€Å"a full-grown horse or dog is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day, or a week, or even a month† (LaFollette, 110). He argues that if we cannot experiment on humans with severe brain damage or defective infants, then we should not experiment on animals. Furthermore, killing animals for food would be the same as killing these humans for food. Singer is saying that if instead of treating these defective infants that don’t stand a chance, we should use them to test medical treatments, which in the end is the greater good for more people. The last aspect of speciesism that Singer talks about is philosophers trying to draw a distinct, clear line between the equality of humans and animals. However, in order to include all humans it would have to be a broad generalized definition, which could not go without including some animals also. Though an infant may not have superior characteristics to that of a dog, doesn’t mean that we can research on the infant; though it is looked at as quite all right to do research on a dog. Singer presents a sound argument on the rights of animals. As I have pointed out, all of his premises are true, and well backed up. For the most part I agree with his argument, except for the point he made on experimenting with infants or disabled humans. Though he did present his point well and backed it up, that just seemed to be the most controversial statement. I can understand his point of view of experimenting on a perfectly healthy animal who can feel pain, so why not a person who doesn’t have much of a future ahead, however I don’t agree with it. It comes down to quality of life. It might work as a hypothetical situation about some unknown infant, but what  family would actually give up their child for experimentation? Or even a loved one who may be disabled? There is an emotional standpoint that I think Singer needs to address. Furthermore, I agree that since there are other means of getting the nutrition that we need, people should make an effort to eat less meat. Nonetheless, people will continue to eat meat due to the fact that they ignorant as to what exactly the animals go through before they are killed for us to eat. Personally, I believe that that is how people like it. Then that way they don’t have to feel guilty every time they pick up a hamburger, and they can just go on enjoying it. This is a controversial topic, and Singer proved his point that animals should be extended the equality of consideration that a person shows his own species. LaFollette, Hugh. Ethics in Practice. Published 1997. Copyright 1997, 2002. â€Å"Singer’s Utilitarian Animal Rights†. April 20, 2004.

Marijuana Legalization: an Annotated Bibiliography

Colin Morris Ms. Morgan English 102-053 1 March 2013 Is it time for the Federal Government to Bud out of States’ Rights? : An Annotated Bibliography Cohen, Micah. â€Å"Marijuana Legalization and States Rights. † FiveThirtyEight Marijuana Legalization and States Rights Comments. The New York Times, 8 Dec. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: This article starts off by asking a new question about the legalization of marijuana. It doesn’t ask whether or not it should be legal, but if the government should change it’s laws on drug enforcement.The polls show that in most of them polls, half of the pollsters believe that it should be left up to the states that have legalized marijuana to decide the laws. It concludes by stating that even though some believe it should be left up to the states, 49% of those people are still opposed to legalization. Analysis: This article makes some very interesting points that are not really brought up in a normal legalization debat e. The issue of states’ rights brings a whole new side to the debate. He also does a very good job of keeping his bias out of the article.There are some places in his writing where his bias could have shown but he kept it out. Cohen’s numerous polls do all come to one conclusion; not everyone believes marijuana is a bad thing. Those supporting the issue of states’ rights could help turn the tide in this ongoing debate. What he lacks in this article is a way that pro-legalization leaders could use this new strategy to help their cause. A way to do this would be to show that there are average Americans who could have a say in this debate and not just stoners. Peterson, Bo. â€Å"Legal Pot in South Carolina? DonAt Hold Your Breath. † The Post and Courier.The Post and Courier, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: This article draws support from unions and civil rights advocates in the Charleston area. These groups all agree that South Carolina should fol low with Colorado and Washington. But these groups are countered by senators who believe this issue not only has no ground, but has no chance of happening with this current legislation, due to it’s conservative nature. Analysis: Looking at this article as a South Carolinian, it just shows how for as long as I can remember, our state legislature has had a hard time getting anything accomplished.This article points out the ever growing gap between the people and the government in this state will be the main reason why marijuana will have a hard time being legalized. Bias is not an issue in this article, the writer addresses both sides and draws support from both sides. Even though this article has the general idea that legalization will not happen in South Carolina for awhile, the fact that there are people who think that it should happen, helps the cause as much as it can. Robillard, Kevin. â€Å"Medical Marijuana Bill Unveiled in House. † POLITICO.POLITICO, 25 Feb. 201 3. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: In this article, a bill was brought before congress that would help lay out a plan for the government to eventually legalize marijuana. Oregon Democrat Earl Blumenauer did this in an effort to shed some some light on the federal pot policy. Surprisingly this bill has 13 co-sponsors. These sponsors happen to come from both parties, one is a Republican from California. Though his bill isn’t likely to pass, bills in New Hampshire, Illinois, New York and Maryland are expected to pass to make medicinal marijuana legal.Analysis: This article does nothing but give hope to the pro-legalization crowd. These bills that are circulating through various state Houses are nothing but good news. This writer does a nice job of bringing in people for sources who are actually close to the issue. One of these sources has the idea that medicinal marijuana could help troops with post-traumatic stress. That would be affective but would require a motion from not only p eople within legislature, but an idea could be to bring in some military execs to help back their claims.But the issue still remains that there are still people a lot of pro-legalization people who do not have a voice. But until there is one solid voice for this issue, it will not go anywhere in the House or the Senate. Pack, Lauren. â€Å"Marijuana Summit Counters Legalization Movement. † Dayton, Ohio Network News, Weather, Traffic, Sports. WHIOTV, 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: This article was on a regional marijuana summit in Ohio. This event brought in people from all sides of the issue, from the business, medical, education, law enforcement and government.Since there are 18 states that have legalized pot, Ohio is looking to push into that group. The usual arguments were brought up from the pro crowd, but the anti-legalization brought up a valid point, 10 percent of card holders in those states actually have a legit reason to have them, but 90 percent use them for headaches etc. But the summit came to the conclusion that if it is about business then they can support it. Analysis: This kind of summit is something that tends to be happening more and more across the country.These summits bring people together who can actually make a difference when the legalization issue comes up. What people don’t realize is that when there is an issue that needs attention all it takes is important people in numbers getting behind then. This kind of summit could actually help progress the pro-legalization cause. The smartest part of the way this summit is constructed was by bringing in people who held power in all parts of the local government. If this method was used across the country, the pro-legalization group would have a much better chance of succeeding.Ludwig, Mike. â€Å"Is America ready to Legalize Marijuana?. † Truthout. Truthout, 7 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. Summary: This article tracks another bill that is circulating from the House rather than the Senate. The democratic Rep. from Colorado is proposing a bill that would help lay out a plan that could start a motion to legalize marijuana within the next few years. Support is drawn from polls that are stating that slightly more than half of all Americans belief that adults should be able to purchase marijuana like they do alcohol or tobacco.The bill proposes to remove pot from the Controlled Substance Act. Analysis: This article like most others on the subject, gives marijuana users hope that one day they will not be discriminated. Seeing that there is more than one person in Congress trying to make this works makes users believe they can use freely soon. The more that I look into these articles, the more I find that there really are a good amount of people who actually want to make this happen. By bringing in the idea that we are spending too much money on the war on drugs, the argument for pro-legalization grows new legs.By laying out a plan for all of th e money America could be saving, more people could gather around this idea that the debt that keeps going up, could eventually come down to a more manageable amount. Hale, Gary. â€Å"What Is the Best Regulatory Framework for Legalized Marijuana? † Baker Institute Blog. N. p. , 31 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. Summary: In this article, the writer addresses the issue of what exactly would be legal when it comes to the future of marijuana.It addresses the issue of the new business side as well Dispensaries would have to gather numerous permits and would rapidly increases in numbers in just a few months. But first the government would have to remove marijuana from the Controlled Substance Act. Until that happens, all of this talk is just speculation. Analysis: This article brings some new ideas to the table as well as some more roadblocks that are not normally talked about. With marijuana being on the banned drugs list, that is the largest hurdle that is left for marijuana to be totally legalized.Right now it is in the same category as LSD and heroine, some people would find that a little excessive. In my opinion marijuana does not even come close to being as dangerous as LSD or heroine. The writer does a nice job at keeping his bias out of his writing. He does an even better job at making hard to detect what side of the argument he falls on. But outside of that the article lays down so pretty interesting ideas that the pro legalization crowd could use in later arguments.

The Culture Example

The Culture Example The Culture – Term Paper Example Damoya Hall-Reid The Culture Cultural causes of poverty discussed in the article include immigration, alcohol consumption, immoral behavior drug dealing and prostitution, laziness, lack of hard work and inappropriate consumption (Battistoni 1). The structural factors that cause poverty includes lack of economic growth, increased unemployment, discrimination and separation of people based on their characteristics, globalization and loss of jobs, low paid wages and lack of educational opportunities.2. Blame the victim theory of poverty states that those who are poor should be held responsible for being poor because they indulge in activities due to which they continue to live in poverty. For example poor individuals are believed to be lazy and they do not work hard and due to this they remain poor. Blame the system theory of poverty states that it is the government that has caused poverty to exist as they fail to provide enough educational and employment opportunities to the poor. 3. T he term dependency culture states that individuals remain poor because they are too lazy to work hard and they depend on the social welfare opportunities offered by the government instead of taking up jobs. On the other hand the article states that individuals do not take up jobs and remain dependent on the government because there are not enough jobs and remaining dependent on the government is a way to cope with poverty. 4. Poverty can be decreased in United States if the government provides free or subsidized college and university level education to individuals belonging to poor family backgrounds. Furthermore, the government should even make sure that these poor individuals have access to job opportunities along with education so they can study and earn money at the same time to win bread and butter for their families. Battistoni, Alyssa. The â€Å"Culture Of Poverty† Myth Returns. Salon.com. N.p., 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2015.

The Top 10 French Gestures

The Top 10 French Gestures Gestures are frequently used when speaking French. Unfortunately, many gestures are not often taught in French classes. So enjoy the following very common hand gestures. Click on the name of the gesture, and youll see a page with an image of the relevant gesture. (You may have to scroll down to find it.) Some of these gestures involve touching other people, which is not surprising since the French are touchy-feely.  According to the French publication Le Figaro Madame (May 3, 2003), a study on heterosexual couples seated at a terrace established the number of contacts at 110 per half-hour, as compared to two for Americans. French Body Language in General For a full look at the intricacies of French body language, read the classic Beaux Gestes: A Guide to French Body Talk (1977) by Laurence Wylie,  Harvards longtime  C. Douglas Dillon Professor of French Civilization.  Among his telling conclusions: The French are  more controlled  (than Americans).  Their chest remains straight, their pelvis horizontal, their shoulders do not move and their arms are close to their body....There is something stiff and tense in the French way of moving.  This is why French clothes are too narrow, too tight for Americans.  Being very controlled with their bodies, the French need verbal expression as an outlet....Americans need more space to move.Your [the French] obsession with rationality leads you to give major importance to your head. The most characteristic French gestures are associated with the head: mouth, eyes, nose, etc. Of the dozens of iconic French gestures and facial expressions, the following 10 stand out as French cultural symbols. Note that these are not drawn-out affairs; they are done fairly quickly. 1.Faire la bise Greeting or saying goodbye to friends and family with a sweet (nonromantic) exchange of kisses is perhaps the most essential French gesture. In most parts of France, two cheeks are kissed, right cheek first. But in some regions, it can be three or four. Men do not seem to do this as often as women, but for the most part, everyone does it to everyone else, children included. La bise is more an air kiss; the lips do not touch the skin, although the cheeks can touch. Interestingly, this type of kiss is common in several cultures, yet many people associate it only with the French. 2.Bof Bof, aka the Gallic shrug, is stereotypically French. It is commonly a sign of indifference or disagreement, but it could also mean: Its not my fault, I dont know, I doubt it, I dont agree, or I dont care. Raise your shoulders, hold up your arms at the elbows with your palms facing out, stick out your lower lip, raise your eyebrows and say Bof! 3.Se serrer la main You can call this shaking hands (se serrer la main, or to shake hands) or the French handshake (la poignà ¨e de main, or  the handshake). Shaking hands is, of course, common in many countries, but the French way of doing it is an interesting variation. A French handshake is a single downward motion, firm, and brief.  Male friends, business associates, and coworkers shake hands when greeting and parting. 4.Un, deux, trois The French system of counting on the fingers is a bit different.  The French  start with the thumb for #1, while English speakers start with the index finger or the little finger. Incidentally, our gesture for loser means #2 to the French. Plus, if you order one espresso in a French cafà ©, youd hold up your thumb, not your index finger, as Americans would do. 5.Faire la moue The French pout is another oh-so-classic French gesture. To show discontent, distaste or another negative emotion, pucker up and push your lips forward, then squint your eyes and look bored. Voil la moue. This gesture shows up when the French have to wait for long periods, or they dont get their way. 6.Barrons-nous The French gesture for Lets get out of here! is very common, but its also familiar, so use it with care. Its also known as On se tire. To make this gesture, hold your hands out, palms down, and smack one hand down onto the other. 7.J'ai du nez When you tap the side of your nose with your index finger, youre saying that you are clever and quick-thinking, or youve done or said something smart. Jair du nez literally means that you have a good nose for sensing something. 8.Du fric This gesture means that something is very expensive, or that you need money. People sometimes also say du fric! when they make this gesture. Note that le fric is the French colloquial equivalent of dough, cash or money. To make the gesture, hold one hand up and slide your thumb back and forth across your fingertips. Everyone will understand. 9.Avoir une verre dans le nez This is a funny way to indicate that someone has had too much to drink or that person is slightly drunk. The origin of the gesture: a glass (une verre) symbolizes alcohol; the nose (le nez) becomes red when you drink too much. To produce this gesture, make a loose fist, twist it in front of your nose, then tilt your head to the other direction while saying, Il a une verre dans le nez. 10.Mon Å“il Americans express doubt or disbelief by saying, My foot! while the French use the eye. Mon oeil!  (My eye!) can also be translated as: Yeah, right! and No way! Make the gesture: With your index finger, pull down the bottom lid of one eye and say, Mon oeil!

Prison Overcrowding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prison Overcrowding - Essay Example The penalties for certain types of offenses are now harsher. The lawmakers have also added new offenses to the penal code. This has also led to the rise of prison overcrowding. There are several ways to reduce overcrowding in prisons. A prison expansion model should be put in place by the United States criminal justice department. They should plan to increase the number of beds whenever the population of inmates surpasses the existing capacity. A community corrections model can also help to reduce overcrowding in prisons. The community’s main objective is to reduce crime and recidivism. The community can carry out court-ordered sanctions. It can assist the court in assessing offenders for placement in the community. The community can take part in the rehabilitation of the offenders and ensure the safety of the public. The people in the community could also pull their resources to fund the jails and prisons in order to facilitate rehabilitation of inmates. Also, a system of graduated penalties imposed by courts can provide supervision of the offenders, rehabilitation, restitution of victims and public safety. There are several factors that impact the crime rate and prison population. These include poverty, alcohol and drug abuse, lack of employment opportunities, lack of education among many others. It is the responsibility of other state services to address these issues. However, due to lack of sufficient funds, these other state devices transfer this responsibility to the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has rolled out a 20-year â€Å"war on drugs† to help reduce the crime rate and the eventuality of prison overcrowding. The aggressive â€Å"tough on crime† approach is a significant driving force in reducing prison overcrowding.