Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay

Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay The concept of risk management has been around the Navy since its inception. During the drawdown of the 1990s, the risk management concept was formalized into the Operational Risk Management (ORM) program. This structured approach was initiated to mitigate the risks associated with such a massive reorganization. Risk is inherent in all tasks, training, missions, operations, and in personal activities no matter how routine. The most common cause of task degradation or mission failure is human error, specifically the inability to consistently manage risk. ORM reduces or offsets risks by systematically identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks allowing decisions to be made that weigh risks against mission or task benefits. As professionals, Navy personnel are responsible for managing risk in all tasks while leaders at all levels are responsible for ensuring proper procedures are in place and that appropriate resources are available for their personnel to perform assigned tasks. The Navy vision is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do This includes on- and off-duty evolutions in peacetime and during conflict, thereby enabling successful completion of any task and mission. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Integrate Safety and Risk Management into all on and off-duty evolutions to maximize mission readiness and to establish DON as an organization with world class safety where no mishap is accepted as the cost of doing businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Establish a risk management training continuum to ensure all DON personnel receive targeted [ORM] training and that all formal professional training courses are infused with examples of how effective risk management improves both safety and mission readiness. DON Objectives for FY 2008 and Beyond (9 Oct 07) Benefits of ORM Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. Table of Contents I. Statement of the Issue or Problem (1 page) II. Significance of the Issue / Problem Why the issue / problem is important to aviation human factors (1 page) III. Review of Relevant Research (include references to at least five aviation human factors journal articles and / or aviation human factors texts, such as those found in ebrary at the ERAU Hunt Library (5 pages) IV. Summary of Major Findings and Conclusions (1 page) V. Recommendations for future research to address the issue / problem (1 page) *********************What is ORM? The term Operational Risk Management (ORM) is defined as a continual cyclic process which includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk. ORM is the oversight of operational risk, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes and systems; human factors; or external events. +++++++++++++++++++++How The ORM process assists you in making smart and informed decisions. Actually, you apply ORM every day. At times, you may not even be aware of it as you carry out a task or mission. An example of this is as simple as crossing the street; you look both ways because you were taught this at a young age. However, today you dont even look at this as risk management, but something that you know is the right thing to do before crossing the street. Every Sailor has a role to play in managing risk during a commands task or mission, and every Sailor is vital to the success of the Navy team. Purpose The ORM process minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with task or mission accomplishment. Correct application of the ORM process will reduce losses and associated costs resulting in more efficient use of resources. Zero risk is not the intent of ORM. Goal The Goal of ORM is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do; to manage risk and move forward to accomplish the mission while safeguarding our people and infrastructure. Risk management is a continuous process that is integral from the strategic level of planning through the tactical level and execution. It is a tool to help improve mission readiness and mission accomplishment. The figure shows the three levels of ORM defined primarily by time. There is no definitive separating line between the three levels (in-depth, deliberate, and time critical) represented by the transition in color flowing from one level to another as you approach the task or event. It is important to know we have resources to tap into. At each level of the planning process, hazards and associated risks are identified and appropriate controls are developed and implemented. These controls become resources upon which you can draw for the next level of planning and ultimately for execution. The ORM process is a systematic, continuous, and repeatable process that consists of five basic steps. Identify hazards Assess hazards Make risk decisions Implement controls Supervise (and watch for changes) The first two steps comprise the risk assessment portion of ORM and provide enhanced awareness and understanding of a given situation. This awareness builds confidence and allows for timely, efficient, and effective protective measures. The remaining three steps are the essential follow-through actions to either eliminate the hazard or mitigate the risks. Risk Assessment Matrix ORM Matrix Card ORM incorporates the following four principles: Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost Accept No Unnecessary Risk Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost The process of weighing risks against the benefits and value of the mission or task helps to maximize success. Balancing costs and benefits can be a subjective process. Therefore, personnel with knowledge and experience of the mission or task must be engaged when making risk decisions. The goal of ORM is not to eliminate risk but to manage the risk so that the mission or task both on- and off-duty can be successful. The bottom line is, if no benefit can be achieved then do not take the risk. Accept No Unnecessary Risk Operational Naval Instruction (OPNAVINST) 3500.39 (series) states: If all detectable hazards have not been identified, then unnecessary risks are being accepted. Additionally, an unnecessary risk is any that, if taken, will not contribute meaningfully to mission or task accomplishment or will needlessly jeopardize personnel or material. The risk management process identifies hazards that might otherwise go unidentified and provides tools to reduce or offset risk. The acceptance of risk does not equate to the imprudent willingness to gamble. Take only risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission or task. Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Integrating risk management into planning as early as possible provides the greatest opportunity to make well-informed risk decisions and implement effective risk controls. This enhances the overall effectiveness of ORM and often reduces costs for your organization and yourself when off duty. Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate decision maker is the individual who can eliminate or minimize the hazard, implement controls to reduce the risk, or accept the risk. Leaders at all levels must ensure that their personnel know how much risk they can accept and when to elevate the decision to a higher level. Ensuring that risk decisions are made at the appropriate level will establish clear accountability. Therefore, those accountable for the mission must be included in the risk management process. If the commander, leader, or individual responsible for executing the mission or task determines that the controls available to them will not reduce risk to an acceptable level, they must elevate the risk decisions to the next level in the chain of command. 3 LEVELS ========================================== The risk management process is applied on three levels: in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. The basic factor that differentiates each level is time; that is the amount of time available to dedicate to the preparation and planning of missions or tasks. Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) Personnel know ORM. They develop plans and brief the crew on task procedures. However, we often fail to execute the plans as briefed. We do not manage change as it occurs, and those changes affect the original plans. Usually, the personnel injured during a task are those who were not involved in the original planning. Recent studies of the ORM process have found that personnel have a firm grasp of the In-Depth and Deliberate levels of ORM. Unfortunately, personnel fail to execute Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) during tasks as events change. You are accustomed to the 5-step process during In-Depth and Deliberate ORM processes; however, realistically it is difficult to execute the 5-step process during the time critical level effectively. Therefore, we are introducing a new tool for the execution of TCRM. This tool will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission success. We are NOT eliminating the 5-step process rather, the five steps are incorporated into this new, easy-to-use tool. This model consists of various graphic representations for situational awareness (target), stacked blocks (resources), a swooping arrow (a return to good SA) and a four letter box mnemonic (ABCD) that will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission or task success. Its called the ABCD model. The ABCD mnemonic in the model is not a replacement for the 5-step ORM process or a different process of risk management, but it is the practical application of the 5-step process in a time-critical environment. Off-duty mishaps are extremely detrimental to the Navys operational capability. Because we are part of the Navy team 24/7, the actions we take off-duty can affect the readiness and operational capability of our commands mission or task, therefore affecting the Navy as a whole. Thus, we must constantly be aware of all risks involved in our everyday off-duty activities. ORM applies off-duty the same as on-duty. By consistently using the A-B-C-D loop in our individual activities, we can reduce the number of off-duty mishaps; thereby improving the Navys readiness and operational capabilities. These fewer mishaps will also allow individuals to meet personal and professional challenges now and in the future. Benefits of ORM Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. *****************Glossary of Terms ABCD The mneomic for the four actions of Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM). A-Assess the situation, B-Balance your resources, C-Communicate to others, D-Do and Debrief the event. Acceptable Risk The portion of identified risk that is allowed to persist during the mission or task. Additive Condition Refers to all items that compete for an individual or crews attention during the execution of a mission or task. Examples include; equipment malfunctions, change in weather, multiple players, unpredictable information, and change to the mission. Additive conditions may increase task loading or uncertainty and lead to distraction or channelized focus. Command (unit or organizational) ORM Integration Integrating ORM into the command relates to reviewing procedures, instructions, and processes; identifying hazards; and creating controls associated with those hazards Command ORM Manager Designated unit level individual, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), who is responsible for implementing risk management principles, concepts, and policy within the unit. Consequential Error An error which leads to undesired consequences to property, personnel, or mission (e.g., mishap, personal injury, mission failure, etc.). Controls Actions taken or measures put in place to eliminate a hazard or reduce the associated identified risk. Some type of controls include engineering controls, administrative controls, and physical controls. Crew Factors Refers to human factors which affect the capabilities of the individual, crew, or team and can increase the potential for errors. This includes such things as attitudes, personalities, level of training, experience, fatigue, and physiological factors. CRM Crew Resource Management Exposure An expression that considers the frequency, length of time, and percentage of people or assests subjected to a hazard. Exposure is a component of risk, but not directly used to assign a level of risk. Rather, it is a consideration in determining probability and severity. Hazard Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; degradation of mission capability or impact to mission accomplishment; or damage to the environment. (Synonymous with the term threat.) Operational Analysis A chronological or sequential list of the major events or elements in a mission or task. This is the complete picture of what is expected to happen and assures all elements of a mission or task are evaluated for all potential hazards OPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval Operations OPORD Operation Order OPS Operations ORM Operational Risk Management Operational Risk Management A process that assists organizations and individuals in making informed risk decisions in order to reduce or offset risk; thereby increasing operational effectiveness and the probability of mission success. It is a systematic, cyclical process of identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks. The process is applicable across the spectrum of operations and tasks, both on and off duty. ORM Assistant Designated unit level individual who is a subject matter expert (SME) on ORM principles and concepts, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), and supports the command ORM manager in implementing risk management within the unit. PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis PPE Personal Protective Equipment PO Petty Officer PQS Personal Qualification Standard Preliminary Hazard Analysis A means to create an initial list of hazards that may exist in an operation, task, or mission. This builds on the operational analysis and entails listing hazards and associated causes. Probability A measure of the likelihood that a potential consequence will occur. RAC Risk Assessment Code Residual Risk Risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected. Resource Something that can be used to develop controls and includes time, money, people or equipment. With respect to Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM), a resource is something used to prevent errors, speed up decision making, or improve team coordination. Resources are typically developed as controls at the in-depth or deliberate levels of risk management. They are broadly grouped into the following categories: Policies, procedures and routines; checklists; automation; briefings and external resources; and knowledge, skills and techniques. Risk An expression of possible loss, adverse outcome, or negative consequences; such as injury or illness in terms of probability and severity. Risk Assessment A structured process to identify and assess hazards. An expression of potential harm, described in terms of severity, probability, and exposure to hazards. Accomplished in the first two steps of the ORM process. Risk Assessment Code An expression of the risk associated with a hazard that combines its severity and probability into a single Arabic numeral which can be used to help determine hazard abatement priorities. This is typically accomplished through the use of a risk assessment matrix. The basic RACs are: 1-Critical, 2-Serious, 3-Moderate, 4-Minor, and 5-Negligible. Risk Decision The decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action; made by the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action. Root cause Any basic underlying cause that was not in turn a result of more important underlying causes. Describes the depth in the causal chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change performance and prevent an undesirable outcome. The analysis of a hazard may identify multiple causes; however applying controls to the root cause is ultimately more effective that merely addressing an intermediate cause. Severity An assessment of the potential consequence intensity that can occur as a result of exposure to a hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of asset (time, money, personnel) or mission or task impairing factors. When analyzing risk, it is based on the worst credible outcome. Situational Awareness (SA) Refers to the degree of accuracy by which ones perception of the current environment mirrors reality Task Loading The number of tasks to complete, given a set period of time. Higher task loading increases the potential for error. Task loading can be reduced by either reducing the number of tasks or taking more time. TCRM Time Critical Risk Management TFOM Training Figure of Merit Threat See hazard. With respect to ORM, threat and hazard are considered synomynous. TORIS Training and Operational Readiness Information Services TRACS Total Risk Assessment and Control System Unacceptable Risk The risk when measured versus the benefit or value of the mission or task that cannot be tolerated and must be eliminated or controled. What If Tool A means of thinking about what may go wrong and stating it as a question beginning with the phraseWhat if? This method is most useful for personnel who are actually involved in the operation being analyzed and adds insight to some of the more significant hazards identified with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA). WIT What IF tool

Era of Good Feelings

Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings. † Evaluate the accuracy of this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism. The period of time labeled as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings,† was a prosperous, but shortened period for America in which political strife had come to a halt and disputes had settled. The high morale after the war caused this era to be granted such a name. With James Monroe in presidency, and the country in peace, the issues of nationalism and sectionalism had been put on hold.Only for a short period of time would these issues diminish, and America would bounce back to its normal imbalances. James Monroe had a large impact on the length of time that this era had been sustained, although the tranquility could not be held forever. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at a national level. In your answ er be sure to analyze the successes and limitations of these efforts in the period 1900 – 1920. The Progressive Era reformers and the federal government had a great impact on reform at the national level.Through Progressivism movements and the determination of these leaders, America would not be as technologically, socially, and politically advanced as we are today. The support that these reformers were given from the people had been a key factor in the success of their trials and tribulations. These people are the main reasons for which America has prospered. In bringing progressivism to a national level, they had succeeded. If they had not, would our world be what it is today? Analyze the responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to the problems of the Great Depression.How effective were these responses? How did they change the role of the federal government? The responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to the problems of the Great Depress ion had been prompt and well thought out upon the occasion. These responses had effectively brought America back into a prosperous country. He was able to restore the country and change society for the sexes and the races. His involvement in the Great Depression, made F. D. R. prepared and focused to drive America in the right direction.

Necrophilia Cases

Sex according to many or may I say, majority, is the highest enjoyment in the planet. But the unsatisfying nature of sex leads to the uninterrupted series of encounters. Sex with same sex was recognized, adult sexually attracted to children or pedophilia, and zoophilia – the practice of sex between humans and animals. Necrophilia is a psychiatric expression for a pathological sexual attraction to corpses. It is a very rare and unwell understood phenomenon. Legends with necrophilia themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egyptians, as noted by Herodotus (484 BCE -425 BC approx): â€Å"When the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any woman who happens to be beautiful or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, but only after the lapse of three or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is actually said to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died. (de Selincourt, translation, 1972, p. 161) In Psychopathia Sexualis, in 1894, the original work of Richard Von Kraft-Ebing, one of the first psychiatric writers called necrophilia a horrible manifestation of sadism. Abraham A. Brill published the first comprehensive study of the subject in 1941, characterizednecrophiles as mentally deficient, psychotic, and incapable of obtaining a consent partn er. Necrophilia has been linked with cannibalism and vampirism as all are considered perversions. In the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1978 by Neville Lancaster, reported a case of a 23 year old student of music at teacher’s training college in England. The student was convicted of the murder of a young woman and was sentenced for life imprisonment. He admitted that he had broken into mortuary and had sexual contacts with female corpses on different occasions prior to the murder. The student was evaluated with an IQ test and found no evidence of mental illness and had a normal romantic relationship with a music teacher. The authorities found out that he was a necrophile, who desired to have sex with corpses, therefore decided to kill female victims and engage sex with a fresh dead cadaver. In 1989, two dedicated psychiatrist, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick review 122 cases demonstrating necrophilic acts or fantasies. Both distinguish true necrophilia and pseudo-necrophilia from the different cases. They classified true necrophilia into three types:necrophilic homicide – murder to obtain a orpse for sexual pleasure: regular necrophilia – the use of already dead corpse for sex: necrophilic fantasy – just fantasizing sexual activities with a cadaver without carrying out any necrophilia. The pseudo-necrophilia has a transient attraction to a corpse but the corpse is not the center of the sexual desire. According to Rosman and Resnick, neither psychosis, mental retardation, sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. The best motive for necrophilia is in possession of a not-re jecting and unresisting partner. Necrophiles choose occupation with access to corpses. Many psychologists, psychiatrists, and researchers psychoanalytical explanation for necrophilia and both Rosman and Resnick developed an empirical model to get a rich understanding of how psychodynamic events could lead to necrophilia: (1) The necrophile develops poor self-esteem, due in part to a significant loss;(a) He (usually male) is very fearful of rejection by women so desires a sex object who cannot refuse him; and/or (b) He is fearful of the dead, transforms his fear – by means of reaction formation – into a desire for the dead: (2) He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with corpse, sometimes after exposure to cadaver. Extreme Cases of Necrophilia Ted Bundy, an American serial killer, killed numerous young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978, he eventually confessed to 30 murders total victims unknown. Bundy would bludgeon his victims, strangle and engage in rape and necrophilia. Edmund Kemper – The Coed Killer Edmund Kemper, from Burbank, California started his escapades at a very young age. He mutilated two of the family cats and caught playing with his sister portraying death rituals. He was shipped off to his father twice as he keep on returning back, till finally he was sent to his grandparents in the foothills of California’s Sierra’s in the farm. At a young age 15, he shot his grandmother and stabbed her repeatedly by a kitchen knife for not allowing him to go with his grandfather to the fields. Ask for the reason why, â€Å"I just wanted to see what it would be like to shoot grandma. † In May 7, 1972, Kemper picked up two girls from Fresno State College while hitchhiking. He brought them to a seclude place and stabbed them to death and sexually abused the corpses. He took the bodies to his mother’s place, dissected them and played with their organs and took Polaroids. He buried the bodies at Santa Cruz Mountain and tossed the heads into a deep ravine in the road. In September, he picked up a 15 year-old-girl, suffocated her and rape her corpse. He took her home, just like the others, dissected the body and buried it next to Boulder Creek. In January 1973, he picked up a student from Sta. Cruz, forced her to the trunk and shot her. He raped the corpse before bringing her home, where he dissected the corpse, bag it and tossing it off at the cliff into the ocean at Carmel. Less than a month after picking up two women and shot them to death, he raped both headless corpses. Their mutilated bodies were dumped into Eden Canyon. This time he turned his rage towards his sleeping mother. He beat his mother to death while lay sleeping in the bed with a claw hammer. He followed this by decapitating her and raping the headless corpse. He finished by taking the larynx and dumping it at the garbage disposal. He was convicted of 8 counts of first degree murder, and asked what punishment you like, he replied†¦. †Death by torture. † Received 16 August 2000; accepted 10 November 2000. This report presents the case of a young man legally convicted twice on a charge of defiling the dead. All necrophilic acts were committed over a period of around 15 years. The examination results revealed a purely female-fixated necrophilia. In three cases, the perpetrator skinned the trunk of the corpses, placed the skin on his naked body and that stimulated him sexually. In several cases, he also used burial clothes that he had removed from the coffins and kept at home. The perpetrator had a long record of psychiatric treatment for his sexual inclination. These are just some of the recorded cases of necrophilia, a deterrent example of unsatisfied behavior. The psychiatrists and psychologists endless study of such behavior of mankind and its mysterious mind contributes deep assertion why such unearthly actions are committed. The unsatisfying nature of the human being also tends to lead us that we are by nature happy. But we are searching amiss. Police in Zamboanga, Philippines are investigating into an alleged case of necrophiliaafter five graves were desecrated in recent months. Starting in October last year five dead women and children have been exhumed from their graves at a cemetery in Barangay Mercedes and interfered with. The first instance back in October was a recently buried woman who authorities discovered dug up and placed on top of her resting place. Then in February a dead old lady was found exhumed from her grave, and this month a 17 year old girl and a 13 day old baby girl were also removed from their graves. The most recent case, which happened just days ago, involved a female teacher who was removed from her grave and hung upside down from a post in the graveyard, suspended by her own stockings. The deceased woman’s underwear had also been removed and placed on her head. Families of the deceased are said to be furious at the alleged sexual violation of the corpses. Police say they suspect a group of perpetrat The Dead Corpse Can Fantasize Physical Pleasure By: Swarag Monday, January 7, 2008, 17:17 [IST] A A A The term ‘corpse' may reduce us into a ball of fear, but there are some exceptionals, who can step a foot further to use them to fulfill their sexual desires. Such sexual attraction to corpses is called Necrophilia or Thanatophilia or Necrolagnia. Read the horrifying sexual fantasy that has been just another part of life from many decades. Welcome to the world of sexual horror!!! Necrophilia in ancient culture The necrophilia practices can be found in the artifacts of the Moche civilization of South America, where pottery depicting skeletal figures engaged in coitus with living humans are among the ruins. In one of the ancient cultures Necrophilia was practiced as a spiritual means of communicating with the dead. Some employed it as an attempt to revive the departed. an error occurred while processing this directive] Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egypt.. Causes Some of the main cause for such irregular behavior towards sex are listed below, †¢ When a person, (usually men) experiences rejection of love by the opposite sex, every other day, he desires a sexual partner who is incapable of rejecti ng him. Alas! He can have such a relationship only with the one that doesn't beat the rhythm of life. He also fears the dead and he tries to transform his fear by reaction formation into a desire. †¢ He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with a corpse, sometimes after exposure to a corpse. A research states that 68% of necrophiles were motivated by a desire for an unrejecting partner, 21% by a desire for reunion with a lost partner; 15 % by sexual attraction to dead people, 15 %by a desire for comfort or to overcome feelings of isolation and 12 % by a desire to remedy low self-esteem by expressing power over a corpse. Another research conducted in England states that some necrophiles tend to choose a dead mate after failing to create romantic attachments with the living. Types of Necrophilia In 1989, two researchers, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick studied 122 cases manifesting necrophilic acts or fantasies. They classified true necrophilia into three main types, Necrophilic homicide: Here a necrophile murders a human to obtain a corpse for sexual purposes. Regular Necrophilia: the necrophile uses natural dead corpse for sexual fantasies. Pseudonecrophile : has a transient attraction to a corpse, but a corpse is not the object of his sexual pleasure. According to the two researchers, the most common motive for necrophilia is possession of an unresisting and unrejecting partner. Neither mental retardation, psychosis or sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. Necrophile usually range between the age of 20 and 50 with occupations that provide ready access to corpses, mortuary attendants, gravediggers†¦ etc. Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual. Laws : Sexual Offenses Act 2003, states that sexual penetration with a corpse is illegal. However as of May 2006, there is no federal legislation specifically barring sex with a corpse. Treatment: Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilia's like, cognitive therapy, individual psychotherapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistance with improving social and sexual relations, etc. The necrophile should also be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly.

Growing Up Where, No One Looked Like Me, Gender, Race,...

In the article, Growing Up Where â€Å"No One Looked Like Me†: Gender, Race, Hip Hop and Identity in Vancouver Canada, author Gillian Creese examines the dimensions of gender and racialization, this study exemplifies how African-Canadian men and women are constantly faced and conflicted with identity issues. The study conducted interviews with second generation African-Canadians, ages nineteen to thirties. Participants were asked to recall moments from their childhood, in particularly their adolescence, and describe how their peers, pop culture, and their African heritage affected their identity while growing up in predominately white spaces. Metro Vancouver is one of the most diverse areas in Canada, yet the study found that of the numerous immigrants who relocated there, African’s were the least present in the communities. They are typically one of the only of the African and Black children in their schools, their neighborhoods, and their larger peer groups, reflecting an urban space in which Black/African bodies stand out amidst the majority of European and Asian origins. At the same time, African-Canadian youth inhabit cultural spaces in which gendered representations of Blackness are ubiquitous, embedded in American popular culture through films, television, music, and news, and shaping interactions with others in the broader society (Creese). Gender roles are normality among any culture or background. Gender is conceptualized as a social accomplishment, something weShow MoreRelated Bigger Thomas, of Native Son and Tupac Shakur Essay6110 Words   |  25 Pagesinside me, adding one wants to live in peace, and the other wont die unless hes free. 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