Modernism And Modernisation In Architecture And Culture Philosophy Essay

Modernism And Modernisation In Architecture And Culture Philosophy Essay Discuss the various competing notions of Modernity, Modernism and Modernisation in architecture and culture in the writings of Robert Venturi/Denise Scott Brown using the writings of Michel Foucault and Jà ¼rgen Habermas to support your discussion. Introduction To begin this essay concerned with the issues of Modernity, Modernism and Modernisation, I think it is a necessity to first define the term Modern, as it links all three terms. Modern, according to Jà ¼rgen Habermas, was first used in late fifth century in order to distinguish the Christian present, from the pagan and Roman past. He argues that Modern can be used whenever the awareness of a new era developed in Europe through a change in the relationship to classical antiquity. For us people today, Habermas thinks modern begins with the Renaissance, however people considered themselves as modern in the age of Charlemagne in the twelfth century and in the Enlightenment. (Habermas, 1996). Through this Habermas describes the term modern as one, which can be used widely and has no definitive time period, as the concept behind it is based upon ones (or an eras) perception. Figure Habermas explanation of modern is supported by Vincent Scully, as he explains that Le Corbusiers, a pioneer of Modern architecture, teacher was the Greek temple (Figure 1), consisting of an isolated body, white and free in the landscape, its rigour clear in the sun. Le Corbusier during his early polemics would have his buildings just as the temple, as time went on his architecture began to progressively more and more incorporate the Greek Temples sculptural and heroic character. (Venturi, 1977) Scullys interpretation on the work of Le Corbusier directly, as Corbusier created a new direct relationship with the classical antiquity of Greek Temples. Michel Foucault, according to Barry Smart, takes a slightly different perspective to Habermas and Scullys interpretations of the term modern, he interprets modern as a placeholder when a more definite description is not known. He goes on to explain that the modern (or present) cannot recognise itself as a period and that if you can outline the characteristics that make up a period is to already be beyond it and has become the past. (Smart, 1994). Foucault an interesting insight into the modern, as simply a title giving to that which is unclassifiable , the present, and that once you can classify a time period then it is no longer modern and is the past. Modernity 1.1 Habermas argues that Modernity is an expression that represents the consciousness of an era that relates back to the past of classical antiquity in order understand itself as the movement from the old to the new. What Habermas called the Unfinished Project aims at a distinguishable reconnection of modern culture with an everyday sphere of the theory production process, which is dependent on living heritage. However, the aim of modernity can only be achieved if the process of social modernisation can be transformed into other non-capitalist directions, if the state of the current world is capable of developing institutions of its own way currently withdrawn by the self-ruling system dynamics of the economic and administrative systems. (Habermas, 1994) Venturi explains that Louis Khans or orthodox modern architects desire for simplicity, is satisfactory, when it is made valid through inner complexity. He goes to mention that the Doric Temples (Figure 2) simplicity to the eye is achieved through famous subtleties and precision of its distorted geometry and the contradictions and tensions inherent in its order, so it achieves apparent simplicity through real complexity. (Venturi, 1977). Through this Venturis point links directly to Habermas notion of modernity, as he is relating the new Modern architecture desire for simplicity to the simplicity achieved in the old architecture of the Doric Temple, thereby highlighting a transition from the old to new. Figure Michel Foucault takes a different approach from Habermas as he denotes Modernity as something which is characterised by a combination of power/knowledge relations around the subject of life, a life that is now possible to master through science. He goes on to argue that the human races problem does not only consist of a fear of destruction through chemical or atomic pollution, animal species extinction or depletion of natural resources; the idea that any malicious power could take over technologies for evil purposes, is only a false illusion to hide a genuine metaphysical anxiety that corresponds with the mastery of life. Through this Foucault states that this mastery of life, through science, transforms the living, crushing it. As opposed to turning it into a knowledge base upon which could support us, thus making the living being more and more artificial. (Jose, 1998) Habermas produces a definition of Modernity, which takes a more of social/economical perspective, with his relation between social modernization and capitalism and between the worlds institutions and autonomous economic and administrative systems. On the other hand Foucault takes an approach in which he addresses how important the scientific aspect of modernity is and how it has affected out outlook on life as a whole. Figure According to Habermas, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Figure 3) was the first philosopher to develop a clear understanding of modernity. With the philosophers that came before him, Hegel located the core of modernity in the principle of subjectivity, which had previously been discussed by Kant, who saw subjectivity as the foundation of science, morality and art fields. Hegel argued that since modernity was based on subjectivity and the power of critical reflection, only philosophical reason could achieve the hoped-for reconciliation and overcome the doubt of modern subjectivity. This interpretation lead to the articulation of Hegels notion of absolute spirit, which is the consuming activity of self-discovery, the unconditionally self-productive self-relation, interceding subjectivity and objectivity, nature and spirit, finitude and infinity. (Habermas, 1996, Pg. 6) Modernity and the Enlightenment David Harvey describes Enlightenment thought as that which embraced the idea of progression and actively wanted that break with history and tradition which modernity adopts. It was a non-religious movement that sought the removal of obscurity and sacredness of knowledge and social organisation in order to free human beings from their chains. (Harvey, 1989). The project of modernity, as referred to by Habermas, came into focus during eighteenth century. This developed an intellectual effort by Enlightenment thinkers to advance in objective science, universal ethics and law, and autonomous art according to their inner logic. The idea behind this was to may use of the knowledge gained by many people working freely and creatively in pursuit of human emancipation and the enrichment of daily life. Harvey denotes Enlightenment thought as a thought process which strives to remove the unease about pursuing knowledge and social organisation so that we can remove the chains in our minds, which prevents us from gaining more knowledge. This links into Habermas, where he touches upon a characteristic of Enlightenment thinking, which is to advance and enrich daily life through the gain of more knowledge. According to Habermas, through opposing the classical and the romantic to each other, modernity wished to create its own past in an idealised vision of the Middle Ages. During the nineteenth century the Romanticism produced a radicalised realisation of modernity that detached itself from all previous historical connections and understood itself solely in abstract opposition to tradition and history as a whole. (Habermas, 1996) I do not agree with this statement as Habermas contradicts himself as he previously denoted modernity as an expression that represents the consciousness of an era that refers back to the past of classical antiquity precisely in order to comprehend itself as the result of a transition from the old to the new. (Habermas,1996, Pg. 39) With reference to this notion, it would impossible for a type of modernity to develop that not have historical connections and abstractly opposed tradition and history entirely. Modernity as an avant-garde The mentality of aesthetic modernity began to form with Charles Pierre Baudelaire and with his theory of art, which had been influenced by Edgar Allan Poe. This unfolded in the avant-garde artistic movements and then achieved its peak with surrealism and the Dadaists of the Cafà © Voltaire. This mentality is characterised by a set of attitudes, which formed around a new transformed consciousness of time, which expresses itself in the spatial metaphor of the avant-garde. This avant-garde explores the unknown, thereby exposing itself to the risk of sudden and shocking encounters, conquering an undetermined future and must find a path for itself in previously unknown domains. (Habermas, 1996) Modernism Modernisation Conclusion Total Word Count:

The Escape Theme in Sonny’s Blues and The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin

Escape in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin and Huck in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Both the narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin and Huck in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain feel the urge to escape from their reality as a means of attaining happiness and finding their way in life. However, their reasons for escaping are completely different and so are the ways in which they manage to do so. The aim of this essay is, therefore, to discuss the how and why the Narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† and Huck escape. We will start by briefly looking into both characters’ backgrounds in order to be able to understand the reasons and circumstances that led them to escape. First, it is worth mentioning that while â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† takes place in New York in the mid 20th century, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is mostly set in the Mississippi River (as it runs deep into the south) before the American Civil War in the mid 19th century. Despite the fact that the Narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† and Huck belong to different places and times, both societies in which they live are plagued with discrimination against black people who are regarded as second class citizens having to endure violence and injustices from the white community . Both characters belong to low social class families. However, the Narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s blues† is a black middle aged, well educated man who has a family whereas Huck is a white child of about 12 years of age who is une...

Technology is Good :: Computer Science Technology

Technology is scientific developments that aid in problem solving and extend human capabilities. Its purpose is to help mankind, but often it has a negative effect. Guns were developed as a tool to protect oneself by killing the enemy. However, they?re often used for murder and on innocent people. Many more people die from the gun than are protected by it. Is the gun something that is harming the human race? Many argue that it is ?people who kill people?, not guns. Even if there weren?t guns, people would kill each other with different means. Although, the invention of something decidedly a weapon cannot be viewed as positive. Leaps and bounds have been made in the medicinal area of technology. Inventions of differing medicines and drugs have promoted the health of millions of people and even saved many of our lives. We no longer fear that influenza will be the death of us, nor any epidemics like the bubonic plague. This does not include third-world countries, which have been neglected and left behind. Not to mention that not all drugs turned out to be good. Many have horrible side effects and have been labeled ?bad? such as marijuana, cocaine, and LSD. Thousands of people are hooked to the stuff in ever downward-spiraling addictions. The internet is a wonderful communication network that connects the world and gives anyone access to billions of faucets of information anytime! With no effort at all you can talk to someone on the other side of the globe or buy something quite easily from an online store. The negative side, however, is that it can be dangerous, too. With lurking viruses and spy ware, are people out to steal your identity always looming. A great trafficker of porn and tons of false information, the internet can be highly addictive. The piracy rates have soared with free music downloads and software and such. Finally, one inarguably good invention is the refrigerator. It stores food like a cabinet and cools it to keep it from rotting days after it normally would. So, it saves food and garbage and money.

Demostration Speech: Salsa Dancing

Presentational Communication Dr. Whalen Demonstration Speech: Latin Dancing *General Purpose: To Inform *Specific Purpose: To inform others about the culture of Salsa Dancing and the basic steps to this dance. *Central Idea: The main steps in salsa dancing are mainly to have good eye and feet coordination with your partner. Hola amigos, como estan todos? How many of you have ever been at a lounge or club in DC, heard a song similar to this? Play snippet of music (10 seconds) and wondered what kind of music that is or how to dance with it? Well that mis amigos is called Salsa.Salsa has been an important type of dance in my family since I was a little kid. Every since I could walk, my uncle would always grab my cousins and I and teach us the basic moves. As we got older we took classes with a good family friend and at the Salsa Club in VA. It’s something that brings my family and I together and is precious to our hearts. Today I’ll be discussing the history of salsa, some of the benefits, and demonstrate how to dance this popular Latin dance. Introduction 1. Originated in the 1920’s, Salsa is one of the oldest and most popular styles of Latin dancing.It combines many Spanish-derived and Afro-Cuban elements, which gives it’s a bit more excitement. Salsa is similar to Mambo in that both have a pattern of six steps danced over eight counts of music. Contra-Danze (Country Dance) of England/France, later called Danzon, was brought by the French who fled from Haiti, which later began to mix itself with Rhumbas of African origin. Son, of the Cuban people, was a mixture of the Spanish sonero and the African drumbeats. Flavora and a partner dance flowered to the beat of the clave. (Bartch) 2. According to livestrong. om, you can burn up to 500 calories with this one type of dance. it helps you develop stronger postures and boost your confidence. 3. According to fitday. com, salsa dancing has great health benefits such as improving cardiovascula r fitness and endurance as well as strength, balance, coordination, and muscle toning 4. salsabeat. com also states that one benefit of salsa dancing from a social perspective is the development of new social relationships. Okay so now we’ll get into the fun stuff†¦.. Body 1. first you want to make sure you have comfortable clothing and shoes.In many Latin American countries the women wear dresses with low heels, unless your advance I would recommend you wear leggings with low heels. *After you have dressed comfortably†¦ 2. You want to grab a partner. You want to make sure you partner is the right height, ladies you don’t want a man who is shorter, then you, it wouldn’t be very comfortable. *After you have grabbed your partner†¦ 3. You want to stand straight in a centered position. Once you are in a straight centered position, ladies take the lead†¦place your right hand on his left shoulder; men place your left hand on her waist and your righ t hand on her shoulder. Once you have placed your hands where they belong†¦ 4. The music will start to play†¦men take your right leg and move it forward, ladies as his right leg starts to move forward you’ll want to take your left leg backwards, count 1 2 3 and add in a little move with your hips. 5. Come back to a centered straight position and repeat the steps with your other leg. 6. Once you get the hang of a couple steps you can add in some turns to give the routine some more flavor. Make sure you keep up with the beat; salsa can be tricky at times so always listen carefully to the beat. 7.Finally you’ll want to practice a few times and show of your new dance moves. Conclusion In conclusion, I hope you all have learned and enjoyed learning some basic salsa moves, which includes the basic front to back, moving the hips and turns. Not only is salsa a good exercise for your legs, because trust me you will feel the burn after dancing for hours, but it’ s also a good way to expand your culture horizons. The next time you want to go to dancing, try going somewhere where Latin music is played so you can show off your sweet new moves and be the life of the party.

Osteoarthritis Essay

degenerative vocalize disease or degenerative stick disease is defined as a work of arthritis in which one or many conjunctions undergo degenerative changes, including subchondral otiose sclerosis, loss of articular cartil geezerhood, and proliferation of tog up spurs or osteophytes and cartilage in the joint, according to Mosbys Medical Dictionary (Anderson, 2001). Bullock, on the other(a) hand, defines degenerative joint disease as destruction of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone with cyst and osteophyte establishment (Bullock and Henze, 2000).osteoarthritis is the to the highest degree common form of arthritis affecting more than 20 billion people in the country (Shiel, 2008). degenerative arthritis is ordinarily acquired by the elderly (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). In males, there is a greater endangerment of contracting osteoarthritis before the age of 45, while in females, the greater find out is after the age of 45 (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Osteoar thritis can be called primary osteoarthritis when there is no known ca give, or it has an idiopathic etiology and it is called secondary osteoarthritis when it is caused by another underlying disease civilise (Shiel, 2008).Risk factors that can dispose an individual to developing this disease condition are an annexd age, obesity, previous joint damage, trauma to joint due to insistent use, occupations that involve carpet installation, construction working, farming and sports injuries, anatomic deformity, and genetic susceptibility (Kaplan, 2007). Osteoarthritis most often targets weight military strength joints at the hips, knees and cervical and lumbar spinal anesthesia bowl it also affects finger joints, most especially those at the proximal and distal regions (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004).Osteoarthritis occurs when the articular cartilage intercellular substance is depleted thus exposing the basic collagen complex body part (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Due to the stress of eve ryday engagement of the affected joint, the articular cartilage hyaloplasm entrust try to spread this densification hydrostatically save will fail to do so. This will cause the collagen fibers to rupture and the articular cartilage will flake, fissure and crumble (Bullock and Henze, 2000).The exposed subchondral bone will guess and the synovial fluid will acquaint the cracks towards the marrow, and subchondral cysts are formed (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Since the subchondral bone is already exposed, there will be proliferation of fibroblasts in order to form new bone in this area. The periosteal bone growth increases at the joint margins and at the attachment sites of ligament or tendons and will develop into bone spurs or ridges called osteophytes (Bullock and Henze, 2000).The development of osteophytes will lead to an increase in synovial capsule size which in turn causes limited drive (Bullock and Henze, 2000). Also, osteophyte formation will irritate governing body end ings in the periosteum causing pain (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). twain the pain and movement limitation causes structural impairment in and individual vile from osteoarthritis (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004).Clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis hold the symptoms of pain, most specifically joint pain, peradventure due to an inflamed synovium, stretching of the joint capsule or ligaments, irritation of typeface endings in the periosteum over the osteophytes, trabecular microfracture, intraosseous hypertension, bursitis, tendonitis, and muscleman spasm (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). There is stiffness which is usually experienced in the morning but has a less than fifteen proceedings duration and can be decrease with movement (Gardner, 2005).The patients functional impairment is due to pain on movement and his or her limited execution is due to the structural changes in the joints and is seen as Heberdens and Bouchards nodes (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Physical judgement for osteoar thritis will reveal affectionate and enlarged joints (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Diagnostic tests of choice will be an x-ray of the affected area and it will show narrowing of the joint space due to progressive loss of the cartilage (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Osteoarthritis can be managed with conservative treatment, pharmacologic treatment, and surgical management. ultraconservative treatment involves heat application, weight decrement if obese, joint rest and avoidance of overuse, use of orthotic devices to support the affected joints, and isometric and postural exercises (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). Medications to give patients include an analgesic therapy and acetaminophen is the drug of choice, glucosamine and chondroitin can be effrontery too, to improve tissue function (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004). operative management involves osteotomy, arthroplasty and tidal irrigation of the knee (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004).

Presentation on the Federal Parent plus Loans- Stanford University

The national plus program is a popular backing option for parents of dependant undergraduate students. The brings are borrowed in the parents own name. The details elusive are bestow amount up to the adequate amount lot be borrowed. The costs take on tuition, room & board, allowance for books, personal expenses, and transport.Credit efficiency borrowers provide need to meet a negligible requirement to be able to apply. For instance, a accredit check is conducted. Parents who dont qualify can borrow additional national Stafford student loan funds. Interest rate a fixed raise rate of 8.5% is charged if loans are borrowed afterward July 1st. bestow fees 3% original fee and a federal default fee of up to 1% will be deducted from from each one disbursement of your loan.Disbursements it will be done in thirds at the beginning of each academic quarter. Funds are disbursed consumely to Stanford via electronic funds Transfer and applied to your students University bill. A ref und can be presumption if your disbursement exceeds the balance due. Repayment done after 60 days of full disbursement. Repayment is 10 years.The plus loans are funded by private lenders worry banks and credit unions. The federal government sets the limits on fees, touch rates and minimum deferment options. Lenders however spell more benefits beyond minimum government requirements. When re-applying, the equal lender can be used.How to applyThe future(a) steps are followedGo to the have-to doe with https//www.nela.net/hosted/stan1.aspx to invite for the loan. You can specify the amount you want to borrow. The link is easy to use. In 2-4 weeks, an email from Sallie Mae, the Company managing our online bring will be received. The email will direct you to the website where you can specify you lender and complete your promissory note which, can be signed by electronic signature. If the email is not received, check for your promissory note on Stanfords OpenNet page.For inquiries, you can tender our loan processing agency, Northwest Education Loan Association (NELA), toll-free at (800) 979-4441. Be certainly to identify yourself as a Stanford parent requesting a PLUS loan.REFERENCESFederal Parent PLUS Loans, http//www.stanford.edu/dept/finaid/loanprocessing/plus.html viewed on 3rd April 2008.

Center for Writing Excellence Scavenger Hunt

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(n. d. ) What is the marginal training needful for an in-text acknowledgment firebrand? put prohi pussed look up and straighten out What abbreviations argon apply onward foliate (if listed) in an in-text calculating machine visit? . or pp. What is utilize for the ca functions establish in the in-text citation if the holds author is non listed as anon. or at in solely? differentiate the congregation authors On the References knave, what talking to of an bind or pass newsworthiness claim ar capitalized? initiative word, right nouns, and the etymon word after(prenominal)(prenominal) colon or tar repairnonb tout ensemble along What U. S. cities do non petition a s eeralize when listed on the References rapscallion? 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If you are stumped by a grammar question and cannot break the firmness, where can you go to get an answer?